Bereft
of inspiration, instead of spending Sunday afternoon cogitating
on the insipid evils of British Foreign Policy, all I could think
on was a.) what would dinner be, and b.) just how exciting is
24? So instead I sought
inspiration by strolling. I met up with a friend and together
we walked from Westminster over the river to the South
Bank. And in the People's Cultural Republic easily the most
consistently appealing thing is the bookstalls set out beneath
Waterloo Bridge. My friend, an art critic, amused herself by flicking
through various Yale catalogues of deadly dull Dutch landscapes,
while I, on the other hand, was desperate to find something that
could be paraded in front of you something that would set out
some clear, coldly conservative lesson about how states conduct
themselves, but insistently, all my gaze fell upon were books
about cats that could paint, or Gender and Structure in Contemporary
Australian Fiction, or and my friend was quite interested in
this a history of the art collection of the First National Bank
of Chicago. The wind being like a knife, I was all but ready to
return home when, at the very final stall, I saw the book to end
all books, the book that would save so many important people in
the English speaking world such a lot of time if only they would
read it: Imperial Policing, General Sir Charles Gwynn's
classic of 1934. Never mind excellent, bang-up-to-date stuff like
David Halberston's War
in a Time of Peace if you ever find yourself in charge
of British or American foreign policy, this is the only book you'll
ever need.
Now
it's a beautifully preserved edition, but, just to get some post
May Day anti-globalism out of my own system, why can't books look
like this today? My copy of Imperial Policing has an only
slightly faded, greeny-gray cover, with simply and in a beautiful
typeface the title, author and publisher's names, and a brief
prιcis of the book in red lettering. The boards aren't, after
almost seventy years, in any way warped, the spine's still perfectly
gummed, and it falls open just so. Does anyone think that the
acid-drenched puply paper of today's books will survive seven,
let alone seventy years?
Anyway,
that synopsis is worth quoting pretty much in full:
Officers
of the Army are now required to make a systematic study of the
principles on which the Army acts when, as so frequently occurs
in outlying parts of the Empire, or in regions where the Empire
is temporarily exercising control, it is called on to assume,
or to share with the civil power, responsibility for law and order [...] The purpose of this book is to show the Army exercising its
influence, with the minimum employment of force, to restore order
when disturbances have passed beyond civil control, or top prevent
the outbreak of armed conflict.
In other words, it was aimed at what we, with our much uglier prose,
might call 'practitioners', the people who did Empire,
at the coalface so to speak not the people comfortably pushing
paper about in Whitehall.
Yet
one of the saddest things about the decline of the quality of
Anglophone imperialism in recent decades, has been the degree
to which soldiers have displanted the civil power. In very large
part as the Halberston book shows the reason why US generals
find themselves having to settle matters of imperial policy is
because of an absence of desire, or ability, or awareness of duty,
or whatever you want to call it, amongst their temporary political
masters in DC. Politicians may come and go, but imperial responsibilities,
as we're about to be reminded, go on and on and hence permanent
servants of the state feel obliged to take care of them. That
said, there is something very dubious about the fact that in an
age of realtime communication between the metropolis and the imperial
frontier, it's the generals on the ground even if that ground
happens to be Fort Bragg who
are still setting the goals, rather than elected, or otherwise
legitimate politicians. Still, every hegemon runs its empire as
it sees fit.
To
go back to how the previous Anglophone hegemon went about it,
let's just consider the twelve chapters of Imperial Policing.
The first two are concerned with theory and doctrine, with the
remaining ten given over to concrete inter-war (i.e. as contemporary
as everything from the mid 1980s onwards is to us) examples of
the 'how to' of empire policing. Running quickly through the headings,
we have: 'Amritsar, 1919'; 'Egypt, 1919'; 'The Moplah Rebellion
[India], 1921'; 'Chanak [Turkey], 1922'; 'Khartum, 1924'; 'The
Shanghai Defence Force, 1927'; 'Palestine, 1929'; 'Peshawar District
[present day Pakistan lawless place, been in the news a bit
recently, near Afghanisomething], 1930'; &, 'The Burmese Rebellion,
1930-32'. Some of these are screamingly apparent as, 'uh, aren't
we still dealing with that?' issues, but every single one
either prefigures an ongoing issue of empire, or more brutally
straightforward, is that very issue seventy odd years earlier.
Take
'Chanak, 1922' this was a jolly tricky situation where General
Harington to be wildly anachronistic, the British theatre commander
prevented Britain from being dragged into a war by the incompetence
of his superiors in London. Chanak is the name by which we know
the situation in which Lloyd George's lunatic Hellenophile urges
nearly forced Britain into conflict with Kemal's Turkey in order
to preserve a post-war territorial settlement disproportionately
favourable to Greece. All of this benefited Britain not a jot,
while exposing her to considerable diplomatic inconvenience in
the Middle East. And as she trembled on the brink of an evidently
useless war, she comprehensively pissed off all her closest friends.
In other words . . . this is an essay on the Anglophone hegemon
managing its upset allies, as it blunders into a war sparked off
by the absurd pretensions of an ethnic Balkan statelet it had,
earlier, carelessly carved into life.
The
Shanghai Defence Force a multinational effort to defend Western
interests, Palestine how to deal with the mutually intolerant
claims of two equally disagreeable sets of people to one piece
of land, Egypt, 1919 how to present a client to the world .
. . time after time, you see what you end up dealing with if you
speak English and you join your country's armed forces. Britain's
burden, as one might expect, is today hardly anywhere near as
severe as America's. That, however, that doesn't mean that we're
any more efficient in deciding which commitments to shoulder,
and what liabilities to drop. You can perhaps understand for
reasons of prestige and bureaucratic immobility why a functioning
empire like America can't drop its acquisitions with any alacrity,
but what's our excuse?
After
Cyprus was granted independence, and the sovereign
bases were retained, we, and then in subsequent pacts, the
Americans, guaranteed this independence against both Turkey and
Greece. Neither power did anything after the Turkish invasion,
but, to this very day, and without a single break, British troops
have been contributed to the UN garrison manning the green line.
A small thing? Sure, but being just that, you wonder why we can't
get rid of it as an obligation. Much as, and contrary to every
promise made in Parliament when each adventure was embarked upon,
all our oh so limited sojourns in Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Afghanistan,
etc, etc, are still solidly in place.
Empire
has its own dubious as you may find it rationale for these
things, which explains some of America's actions, but for Britain
at the moment, it is hard to find a justification for entering
into any of these entanglements, other than our Hessian
status in lieu of the US. I mean honestly, with all those
gazillions spent on defence, you'd have thought that somewhere
on the inventory there would have been a division of US infantry
inclined to fight
up mountains? Does it have to be British sea soldiers
who are fighting the killers of Americans in Afghanistan?
To
return, not that we ever appear to have departed from it, to Imperial
Policing: something many (especially those in Britain and America,
and most especially, on the left) opposed to Anglo-American foreign
policy won't like is that the spirit which informs General Gwynn's
book from as long ago as 1934 which is that of humane
imperialism. Which is to say, whilst many of you might not like
either what English-speaking empire costs costs you directly,
or what it costs those to whom the empire applies itself, it really
could be so much worse. This, as imperialism goes, is nice imperialism.
What every chapter heading should demand of us is not so much
consideration of imperialism in the abstract, but of imperialism
in the very specific present. That is, the test of empire lies
in what it delivers: if it's still dealing, or rather, failing
to deal with the problems it confronted itself with half a century
ago, your empire's not working. If it's so bloody hopeless that
it lets thousands of you be slaughtered as you go about your daily
lives, then it's really time to think again.
P.S.
Remember that pro-Palestine
rally I stumbled across a few weeks ago? Well, there's a pro-Israel
one today [Monday]. Adverts, weirdly anonymous given how expensive
they are, have appeared in the national press urging people to
come and show their support. I'll make an effort to see how many
people go to Trafalgar Square this time. For point of reference,
and showing how far Britain has to go in shaking off Socialism,
it's a public holiday too, being the first Monday in May. Next
week I'll report back, but a prediction: far fewer people, far
more press attention.