US political leaders and media pundits trumpet North Korea’s recent testing of missiles and nuclear weapons as a great threat. But the US mass media do not tell the whole story. Without the context of history and current events, the actions of North Korea look insane, but when put in context we find that the United States is pushing North Korea on this path. North Korea is really not a significant threat compared to what the United States is doing with nuclear weapons, the Asia Pivot and war games off the Korean coast. In this article, we seek greater understanding by putting ourselves in the place of North Korea.
Historical Context: Korea, a Pawn for Big Power, Brutalized by the United States
The history between Korea and the United States goes back to the late 1800s when the US had completed its manifest destiny across North America and was beginning to build a global empire. In 1871, more than 700 US marines and sailors landed on Kanghwa beach in west Korea, seeking to begin US colonization (a smaller US invasion occurred in 1866). They destroyed five forts, inflicting as many as 650 Korean casualties. The US withdrew, realizing it would need a much larger force to succeed, but this was the largest military force to land outside the Americas until the 1898 war in the Philippines. S. Brian Willson reports that this invasion is still discussed in North Korea, but it has been erased from the history in South Korea as well as in the United States.
Korea succumbed to Japanese rule beginning in 1905, often serving as a pawn between Japanese conflicts with China and Russia. This was a brutal occupation. A major revolt for Korean democracy occurred on March 1, 1919, when a declaration of independence was read in Seoul. Two million Koreans participated in 1,500 protests. The Koreans also appealed to major powers meeting in Versailles after World War I, but were ignored as Japan was given control over the East. The Japanese viciously put down the democracy movement. Iggy Kim, in Green Left, reports they “beheaded children, crucified Christians and carried out scores of other atrocities. More than 7,500 people were killed and 16,000 were injured.”
Near the end of World War II, as Japan was weakened, Korean “People’s Committees” formed all over the country and Korean exiles returned from China, the US and Russia to prepare for independence and democratic rule. On September 6, 1945, these disparate forces and representatives of the people’s committees proclaimed a Korean People’s Republic (the KPR) with a progressive agenda of land reform, rent control, an eight-hour work day and minimum wage among its 27-point program.
But the KPR was prevented from becoming a reality. Instead, after World War II and without Korean representation, the US quite arbitrarily decided with Russia, China and England, to divide Korea into two nations “temporarily” as part of its decolonization. The powers agreed that Japan should lose all of its colonies and that in “due course” Korea would be free. Korea was divided on the 38th parallel. The US made sure to keep the capital, Seoul, and key ports. Essentially, the US took as much of Korea as it thought the Russians would allow. This division planted the seeds of the Korean War, causing a five-year revolution and counter-revolution that escalated into the Korean War.
Initially, the South Koreans welcomed the United States, but US Gen. John Hodge, the military governor of South Korea working under Gen. Douglas MacArthur, quickly brought Koreans who had cooperated with the Japanese during occupation into the government and shut out Koreans seeking democracy. He refused to meet with representatives of the KPR and banned the party, working instead with the right wing Korean Democratic Party – made up of landlords, land owners, business interests and pro-Japanese collaborators.
Shut out of politics, Koreans who sought an independent democratic state took to other methods and a mass uprising occurred. A strike against the railroads in September 1946 by 8,000 railway workers in Pusan quickly grew into a general strike of workers and students in all of the South’s major cities. The US military arrested strike leaders en masse. In Taegu, on Oct. 1, huge riots occurred after police smashed picket lines and fired into a crowd of student demonstrators, killing three and wounding scores. In Yongchon, on Oct. 3, 10,000 people attacked the police station and killed more than 40 police, including the county chief. Some 20 landlords and pro-Japanese officials were also killed. A few days later, the US military declared martial law to crush the uprising. They fired into large crowds of demonstrators in numerous cities and towns, killing and wounding an unknown number of people.
Syngman Rhee, an exile who had lived in the US for 40 years, was returned to Korea on MacArthur’s personal plane. He initially allied with left leaders to form a government approved of by the US. Then in 1947, he dispensed with his “left” allies by assassinating their leaders, Kim Ku and Kim Kyu-Shik. Rhee consolidated power and the US pushed for United Nations-sponsored elections in May 1948 to put a legal imprimatur on the divided Koreas. Rhee was elected at 71 years old in an election boycotted by most parties who saw it as sham. He came to power in the midst of an insurgency.
On Jeju Island, the largest Korean island lying in a strategic location in the Korea Strait, there continued to be protests against the US military government. It was one of the last areas where people’s committees continued to exist. Gen. Hodge told Congress Jeju was “a truly communal area that is peacefully controlled by the People’s Committee,” but he organized its extermination in a scorched-earth attack. In September, Rhee’s new government launched a massive counterinsurgency operation under US command. S. Brian Willson reports it resulted in the killing of “60,000 Islanders, with another 40,000 desperately fleeing in boats to Japan. Thus, one-third of its residents were either murdered or fled during the ‘extermination’ campaign. Nearly 40,000 homes were destroyed and 270 of 400 villages were leveled.” It was an ugly attack, Iggy Kim notes: “Torture, mutilation, gang rape and arbitrary execution were rife. . . a quarter of the Jeju population had been massacred. The US embassy happily reported: ‘The all-out guerilla extermination campaign came to a virtual end in April with order restored and most rebels and sympathizers killed, captured, or converted.'” This was the single greatest massacre in modern Korean history and a warning of what was to come in the Korean War. As we will see, Jeju is part of the story in today’s US Asian escalation.
More brutality occurred on mainland Korea. On October 19, dissident soldiers in the port city of Yosu rose up in opposition to the war in Jeju. About 2,000 insurgent soldiers took control of the city. By Oct. 20, a number of nearby towns had also been liberated and the People’s Committee was reinstated as the governing body. People’s courts were established to try police officers, landlords, regime officials and other supporters of the Rhee dictatorship. This rebellion was suppressed by a bloodletting, planned and directed by the US military.
The Korean War followed. S. Brian Willson summarizes the war:
“The Korean War that lasted from June 1950 to July 1953 was an enlargement of the 1948-50 struggle of Jeju Islanders to preserve their self-determination from the tyrannical rule of US-supported Rhee and his tiny cadre of wealthy constituents. Little known is that the US-imposed division of Korea in 1945 against the wishes of the vast majority of Koreans was the primary cause of the Korean War that broke out five years later. The War destroyed by bombing most cities and villages in Korea north of the 38th Parallel, and many south of it, while killing four million Koreans – three million (one-third) of the north’s residents and one million of those living in the south, in addition to killing one million Chinese. This was a staggering international crime still unrecognized that killed five million people and permanently separated 10 million Korean families.”
Bragging about the massacre, USAF Strategic Air Command head General Curtis LeMay, who blanket-bombed Japan in World War II and later ran for vice president with segregationist George Wallace, summed it up well, “Over a period of three years or so we killed off – what – twenty percent of the population.” Willson corrects LeMay, writing “it is now believed that the population north of the imposed 38th Parallel lost nearly a third its population of 8-9 million people during the 37-month long ‘hot’ war, 1950-1953, perhaps an unprecedented percentage of mortality suffered by one nation due to belligerence of another.”
Context Today: Korea Targeted, Mock Attacks, Learning from Iraq and Libya and the Asia Pivot
This historical context results in North Korea taking the threats of the United States very seriously. It knows the US has been willing to kill large portions of its population throughout history and has seen what the US has done to other countries.
In 2002, President George W. Bush labeled North Korea part of the “axis of evil” along with Iraq and Iran. S. Brian Willson traveled 900 ground miles through six of North Korea’s nine provinces, as well as Pyongyang, the capital, and several other cities, talking with dozens of people from all walks of life; all wanted to know about the “axis of evil” speech. He found that North Koreans “simply cannot understand why the US is so obsessed with them.”
Of course, the North Korean government witnessed the “shock and awe” campaign of bombardments against Iraq and the killing of at least hundreds of thousands (credible research shows more than 1 million Iraqis killed, 4.5 million displaced, 1-2 million widows and 5 million orphans). They saw the brutal killing by hanging of the former US ally, now turned into an enemy, Saddam Hussein.
And, they can look to the experience of Libya. Libya was an enemy but then began to develop positive relations with the US. In 2003, Libya halted its program to build a nuclear bomb in an effort to mend its relations with the US. Then last year Libya was overthrown in a US-supported war and its leader Moammar Gadhafi was brutally killed. As Reuters reports, “‘The tragic consequences in those countries which abandoned halfway their nuclear programs… clearly prove that the DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) was very far-sighted and just when it made the (nuclear) option,’ North Korea’s KCNA news agency said.”
The United States stations 28,500 troops in South Korea. In November 2012 the US upgraded its weapons systems and announced an agreement with Japan that would allow South Korea to bomb anywhere in North Korea. In June 2012 the Pentagon announced that Gen.l Neil H. Tolley would be removed as commander of US Special Operations in South Korea after he revealed to a Japanese foreign affairs publication that American and South Korean troops had been parachuting into North Korea on spy missions.
US troops and bases are not popular. Protests erupted in 2002 after two Korean woman were killed and a court martial found the US soldiers not guilty of negligent manslaughter. Several pubs and restaurants put up signs saying “Americans Not Welcome Here.” In an August 2005 protest against US troops by 1,100 people, 10 were injured by police. One month before that, 100 were injured in a protest. In 2006 protesters occupied land on which the US planned to expand a base, resulting in a conflict and their eviction followed by installing barbed wire around the area to protect it from South Koreans. The South Korean government banned a rally that was expected to draw more than 10,000 protesters.
South Korea and the US regularly hold military exercises off the Korean coast, which North Korea describes as planning for an invasion. The United States claims these exercises are defensive in nature to assure preparedness. Prior to the recent nuclear test, Seoul and Washington conducted a joint naval exercise with a US nuclear submarine off South Korea’s east coast, followed by a joint air force drill as well as live weapon exercises near a disputed sea boundary between North and South Korea.
These drills have gotten more aggressive during the Obama administration and since the death of Kim Jong-il, as outlined by geopolitical analyst Jen Alic here:
•”The first joint military exercises between the US and South Korea since Kim Jong-il’s death suddenly changed their nature, with new war games including pre-emptive artillery attacks on North Korea.
• Another amphibious landing operation simulation took on vastly larger proportions following Kim Jong-il’s death (the sheer amount of equipment deployed was amazing: 13 naval vessels, 52 armored vessels, 40 fighter jets and 9,000 US troops).
• South Korean officials began talking of Kim Jong-il’s death as a prime opportunity to pursue a regime-change strategy.
• South Korea unveiled a new cruise missile that could launch a strike inside North Korea and is working fast to increase its full-battery range to strike anywhere inside North Korea.
• South Korea openly began discussing asymmetric warfare against North Korea.
• The US military’s Key Resolve Foal Eagle computerized war simulation games suddenly changed, too, simulating the deployment of 100,000 South Korean troops on North Korean territory following a regime change.
• Japan was brought on board, allowing the US to deploy a second advanced missile defense radar system on its territory and the two carried out unprecedented war games.
• It is also not lost on anyone that despite what on the surface appears to be the US’ complete lack of interest in a new South Korean naval base that is in the works, this base will essentially serve as an integrated missile defense system run by the US military and housing Aegis destroyers.”
North Korea has shown anger at these drills. In response to the announcement of the largest annual joint exercises for US and South Korean troops scheduled for March and April of this year, in a rare direct message to US Gen. James Thurman, North Korea warned the top American commander in South Korea on Feb. 23 of “miserable destruction” if the US military presses ahead with the joint drills with South Korea set to begin next month.
Add to these drills the “Asia Pivot” President Obama is implementing, which will result in 60 percent of the US Navy being moved to Asia, and one can understand why North Korea believes that it is necessary to have nuclear weapons. Part of this Asia Pivot includes Jeju Island, where the US military is trying to install a massive Navy base. The village of Gangjeong, where the base is to be built, and the elected assembly of Jeju Island have voted to stop the naval base construction. The people of Jeju have mounted protests and resistance efforts against the base. But the base is a key location for the Asia Pivot. Jeju faces Shanghai across the East China Sea, the South China Sea lies south of the island, and the mainland of South Korea lies to the north.
Jeju – designated as the “Peace Island” as part of an apology for the 1948 massacre – is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is a destination for honeymooners. Bruce Gagnon visited Jeju Island twice and reported on the protests there, which include the mayor of Gangjeong being arrested in protest and Professor Yang Yoon-Mo, who is now in jail on a hunger strike. This is his third hunger strike. The previous one lasted 74 days and he almost died. Gagnon works with the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space.
Beyond that, as S. Brian Willson points out, the US is remaking its nuclear arsenal so that nuclear weapons can be used in a war. Three weeks before his “Axis of Evil” speech, President Bush presented a “Nuclear Posture Review” report to Congress that ordered the Pentagon to prepare contingency plans for use of nuclear weapons. The first designated targets for nuclear attack were the “axis of evil” members – along with Syria, Libya, Russia, and China. The US remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons against another nation. The US has approximately 5,113 nuclear warheads, including tactical, strategic, and non-deployed weapons. According to the latest official New START Treaty declaration, the United States actively positions 1,722 strategic nuclear warheads on 806 deployed ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers.
While calling for a world without nuclear weapons, President Obama has instead continued Bush’s plan and has increased the budget for nuclear weapons. He has been giving the nuclear arsenal a massive and costly overhaul, modernizing the land-sea-air combination of planes, submarines and missiles that deliver nuclear bombs and warheads. Obama made a commitment in a letter to the Senate in February 2011 to accelerate, “to the extent possible,” the design and engineering of a new plutonium facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico while sustaining a facility in Tennessee. What would a North Korean leader think of all this?
And when it comes to talks with North Korea, there is no progress. As our guests on “Clearing the FOG” – Bruce Gagnon and Elliot Adams, both active with Veterans for Peace – pointed out: China encourages talks, but the US refuses. Gagnon and Adams suggest a first step would be a peace treaty with North Korea – an end to the Korean War, something that was never agreed because the fighting ended in a truce. The US needs to stop boxing North Korea into a corner with escalating rhetoric, military actions off its coast and crippling sanctions, and allow North Korea into the community of nations.
Once again, Korea is a pawn in a bigger battle between the US and China and Russia. Countries like Australia and Japan have joined the US and NATO, which has also been brought into the Asian Pivot. As Gagnon points out, North Korea is very independent and does not want to be anyone’s puppet and feels it must always show it is ready to defend itself. Adams adds, the US military does not fear “pipsqueak” North Korea with their low tech missiles and bombs, but in the media they use every test by North Korea as an excuse to escalate. Adams clarifies, “the US military needs a bogeyman to justify spending 60 percent of US discretionary spending on an insane, incompetent and bloated military.”
The solution begins with the American people understanding what is really going on in Asia and the Koreas. When the context is examined, and Americans try to stand in the shoes of North Korea, a different picture emerges. This is not easy with the misinformation and inadequate reporting by the mass media, which is complicit with the escalation, but this contextual understanding is essential as the US increases military action in Asia, threatens China and uses North Korea as an excuse.
You can hear our interview with Bruce Gagnon and Elliott Adams on North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and US Expansion into Asia and Space on Clearing the FOG Radio (podcast).
This article war originally published at Truth-out.
thank you very much for this article. this is exactly what US citizens need to know, but sadly it is known by very few.
Information is so readily available in today's world, and yet we still struggle to make a better future for ourselves by only searching out the information that props-up our own opinions. I was very excited to begin reading the article, but I'm sorry to say I have only wasted my time. I truly appreciate the completely true information the article presents, but am saddened that the concept of the "whole story" was sacrificed to fit a per-determined, ideological conclusion that pits a quiet, peaceful DPRK against the big, bad USA.
Let's start from the beginning. The USA is only partly to blame for the splitting of the peninsula in 1945. What the Allies were going to do with the peninsula never really had time to develop even, as the USSR began to invade as soon as the war ended, eager to export its ideology much like it was doing back over in Eastern Europe. The USA did not sit around menacingly, looking to split the peninsula; this conclusion only came about as a means of stopping the USSR's advances. It also doesn't even make sense to portray the USA as getting the better half (it was mentioned that the USA got the goodies of Seoul and ports). The South was basically just all farmland, and very little developed; the North was where all the big, heavy industry was, enabling the DPRK to outshine the South in economic terms up until the 70s, and only after the ROK went trough that nasty, 19 year Park dictatorship. In effect, the North only became the North because the USSR took control, installing Kim il-Sung as leader, who then dressed himself up to god-like status.
The ensuing events in the ROK make me cringe every time I read about them. The imperialism of the USA is embarrassing at the very least and makes me hate myself every time I go out and buy a chocolate bar, in effect supporting such a system. It is also true that the Korean War was a disaster. But the USA did not start it. This article basically just says that the war started and then documents the atrocities of the UN side fighting for the ROC. But the war began because the DPRK invaded the ROC. North Korea started the Korean War. It is true that Kim il-Sung was far too scared to invade and unite the peninsula, but he was pressured from Mao, who had just come to power in China in 1949. While the status of the South was horrible, the atrocities by the UN in the Korean War only came about because the North started it.
The post-war and modern period is of course, as this article accurately describes, full of provocations by the USA. But it's not like the DPRK was sitting there just trying to rebuild its own country. Even after the cease-fire was signed, the DPRK continually tried to furtively gain control of the South; it built tunnels to try and invade the South from underground, which were subsequently found and blocked off. The history of hoards of Koreans being taken against their will to Japan during Japan's colonial history of the peninsula does not warrant the DPRK sneaking over to Japan and kidnapping Japanese citizens. Attempting to kidnap South Korean soldiers at the DMZ is also inexcusable. While the UN should have of course spoken to the North Koreans about chopping down that tree in the Joint Security Area of the DMZ, the DPRK acted childishly in responding by chopping up the UN personnel with their own axes.
But this is all Cold War drama. I can not excuse these crimes much like I can not excuse those of the USA, but I might sympathize with the North's invasion into the South in order to liberate the obviously oppressed southerners. But the fact is that the Cold War is over and we have moved into a completely new phase of history. The vast majority of the Communist powers of old have fallen and redesigned themselves, while of course this has not always led to a what we would normally consider a "better" country. Having said that I would probably be able to live with North Korea's past if it's regime had collapsed back when say, Kim il-Sung died in '94 and then moved on to redefine itself. What I can't forgive is the continued character of this country.
This article focuses on the North's interests of nuclear arms as being justified because of the mounting pressure from the USA. The continued crimes of the DPRK in its relations with foreign countries, however, follows an equally belligerent series of events. Former South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak did of course redefine South Korea's position on North Korea to be much more tense and strong, but the DPRK's shelling of the South Korean island in 2010 is not exactly a passive response.
Why do nuclear arms have to be the solution to ensure independence? If North Korea wants to interpret the invasions of Iraq and Libya (which was actually a UK/France operation even though the USA provided the loud championing of it) as having occurred because those countries could not effectively defend themselves without nuclear arms, I can only say that this is an ignorant conclusion made from very narrowly looking at what goes on in the world to fit an already predetermined, ideologically driven conclusion, much like this article does. Cuba has been able to survive well past the fall of the USSR without nuclear arms, and South Africa decided to abandon their nuclear dreams for the good of the world and nonproliferation as a whole. While the initial reasons for South Africa abandoning its already developed nuclear arsenal appear sketchy, the continued disarmed stance of South Africa after the transition to African National Congress rule under Mandela and the continued loyalty to world nonproliferation agreements is to be admired, Mandela being all the while officially considered a terrorist by the USA.
It is obvious to me that the DPRK is out for more than just independence. It prides itself for its Juche ideals of complete independence, all the while depending on the West and South Korea for food and economic aid. The North wouldn't even have an economy if it weren't for the Gaesong industrial district filled with North Koreans working in South Korean factories, or trade with China in the north. While I am personally not educated about exactly what the USA demands of the DPRK in the 6 Party talks, it seems to me that the USA may not be interest in such talks because the North has always manipulated them in order to get help. It screams and yells about the USA and then comes running to it because it can't even feed its own people. It is true that North Korea makes more money from its participation in talks than it spends on its nuclear program. Maybe in the end that's the reason for the DPRK's desire of nuclear arms: it is a net profit economic activity.
In conclusion, the DPRK is an evil country, being of course defined in terms of its government and not its people. It belongs on any sort of axis-of-evil list, no matter what ignorant boob (G W Bush) proclaims it. In agreement with this article however, the USA also belongs on such a list, for it too is an evil country, being of course defined in terms of its government and not its people. I do consider myself a socialist and I do have a red star tattooed on my chest over my heart, but I am also embarrassed that the North Korean flag has the same star. The new President Park in South Korea has redesigned the South's position both in her campaign and since being sworn-in to be open and welcoming in dealing with North Korea, a complete 180 from what her predecessor espoused. Recent belligerent speeches and comments from her administration have come only AFTER North Korea has launched its rocket and tested its third bomb. It doesn't really matter who started it, what's going on in Korea now is an endless cycle of provocations by yes, the USA, but also the DPRK. The North Korean government is NOT interpreting its tragic history and it's NOT justified in its nuclear ambitions. Defense is only an excuse to just do what ever it wants and the North Korean government will pay for the sins it has committed to its own people and to the international community at large.
you're an idiot. An imperialist apologist liberal masquerading as being "fair and balanced." Go f*ck yourself, you gusano.
What a thoughtful and coherent reply!
Anyhow, after reading that article I started thinking that the DPRK was basically Switzerland (only less aggressive). After all, it doesn't mention ONE things the North has done wrong EVER.
But then I read Marlon's comment and realized that there might be two sides to the issue. Then I remembered all that stuff about Nork prison and torture camps and realized that it's pretty rare for countries to be as brutal as humanly possible in their internal affairs while being completely innocent pretty dolphin-flowers in their foreign relations.
But then I remembered that they don't like the US, so they must be doing something right. In fact, they must BE COMPLETELY RIGHT.
As to all those families being starved to death in labor camps, fuck them. That's just the price you gotta pay to support whatever Kim's sticking it up Uncle Sam's nose at them moment.
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Composing articles is not something new and it is demonstrated to work so why do such a large number of individuals battle to get the activity they need from their articles?